Table 1 Sample coding of student responses.

From: University students describe how they adopt AI for writing and research in a general education course

Excerpt

Code(s)

Category

At various points within this assignment I used ChatGPT to help me formulate more specific ideas and examples, correct grammar, and choose better language.

Generating ideas

Finding evidence or examples

Revising

Higher Order

Higher Order

Lower Order

Prompt used: “Is the grammar correct?” Not, “Fix the grammar.” I noticed when I ask the AI to fix the grammar it uses new words that are not originally my words, but when I ask if it is correct it gives me slight revisions of my words.

Prompt

Revising

Independent Writing

Lower Order

Independence

IDEAS, CONCEPTS, AND SOURCES remain original. AI used to paraphrase my ideas in an academic fashion. AI generated sentences mixed along with original sentences.

Independent Ideas

Paraphrasing

Academic Writing

Mixture

Independence

Lower Order

Higher Order

I used this assignment to double-check if the relationships or casual chains were correct. For example, one prompt I gave was “ Is education positively coupled with industrialization?”. If the AI indicated that it was correct, then I would look up credible sources related to the relationships to ensure that this relationship is accurate.

Other

Prompt

Checking Ideas

Skeptical

Checking AI

Other

Skeptical