Table 1 Construct validity.

Visionary Leadership

 1

My institutional head inspires a clear vision for using digital tools to improve healthcare delivery and patient care outcomes.

0.770

0.703

0.820

0.604

 2

My institutional head drives innovation by facilitating the adoption of new digital technologies in healthcare settings.

0.787

 3

My institutional head actively communicates the future vision for technology-driven healthcare, motivating us to align with organizational goals.

0.874

Digital Leadership

 1

My leader involves me in decision-making processes regarding the use of digital tools and technology in my healthcare role.

0.781

0.830

0.876

0.541

 2

My leader encourages me to develop my digital skills, ensuring I stay updated on the latest technological advancements in healthcare.

0.785

 3

My leader provides support and guidance whenever I encounter challenges with digital healthcare systems or tools.

0.785

 4

My leader gives regular feedback on how effectively I am using digital technology in my healthcare role.

0.642

 5

My leader ensures I have access to the necessary digital tools and information to perform my work efficiently.

0.700

 6

My leader promotes the use of innovative digital methods within our department, helping to improve patient care and workflow efficiency.

0.708

Digital Citizenship

 1

I ensure that all healthcare employees have access to the appropriate digital tools and resources needed to enhance patient care and learning outcomes.

0.826

0.720

0.842

0.641

 2

I actively model and promote the ethical, legal, and responsible use of digital tools and technologies within the healthcare environment.

0.798

 3

I encourage the use of digital collaboration tools to facilitate a shared understanding of global healthcare challenges and innovations.

0.776

 4

I foster an organizational culture that supports responsible social interactions related to the use of healthcare technology and digital information.

Item was removed due to poor loading

Knowledge Sharing

 1

I reward healthcare employees who share their knowledge and best practices, contributing to improved patient care and organizational success.

0.826

0.912

0.938

0.790

 2

I encourage knowledge sharing by promoting a culture of openness, learning from mistakes, and focusing on achieving our healthcare objectives.

0.798

 3

I ensure that employees are supported in learning from their experiences, and I tolerate mistakes when they contribute to knowledge growth and innovation in patient care.

0.776

 4

I serve as a mentor, guiding employees in applying their knowledge, and using assessments to help them achieve their professional goals.

0.826

 5

I have implemented structured processes for distributing knowledge across the organization, ensuring that healthcare innovations and best practices are shared effectively

Item was removed due to poor loading