Fig. 3

Study species White-throated Treerunners (Pygarrhychas albogularis) (A) and the spatial scales assessed for breeding habitat preferences and fitness in Andean temperate forests of South America: cavity scale (B), tree scale (C), forest-stand scale (D), and landscape scale (E). Photos were taken by Tomás A. Altamirano (A, C, D), Fernando J. Novoa (B), and J.Tomás Ibarra (D).