Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline and repeated assessments of the EPIC-Norfolk study (n total = 9,276).

From: Combined associations of physical activity, diet quality and their trajectories with incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in the EPIC-Norfolk Study

Characteristic

Baseline assessment

(1993–1997)

Repeated assessment

(1998–2004)

Demographics

  

Age (years)

58.3 (8.7)

61.4 (8.8)

Women (%)

5,453 (58.8)

 

Education: GCSE/O level equivalent or below (%)

3,872 (41.8)

 

Occupation: Unemployed to semi-skilled work (%)

1,442 (15.6)

 

Occupation: Skilled workers (%)

3,422 (36.9)

 

Occupation: Managers & professionals (%)

4,412 (47.5)

 

Metabolic risk factors

  

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.9 (3.7)

26.5 (3.9)

Waist circumference (cm)

86.3 (11.9)

87.2 (12.3)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

134.4 (17.6)

135.0 (17.8)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

82.2 (10.9)

82.1 (10.9)

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.73 (1.4)

1.84 (1.06)

HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.44 (0.44)

1.51 (0.46)

LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)

3.94 (1.03)

3.78 (1.04)

Prevalent diseases, medication, and family history

  

DM during the assessment period (%)

422 (4.6)

CVD during the assessment period (%)

476 (5.1)

Statins (%)

100 (1.1)

353 (3.8)

Anti-hypertensive drugs (%)

1,264 (13.6)

1,894 (20.4)

Anti-diabetic drugs (%)

81 (0.9)

122 (1.3)

Hormone Replacement Therapy (current or former) (% in women)

1,820 (33.4)

2,148 (39.4)

Family history of diabetes mellitus (%)

1,253 (13.5)

 

Family history of myocardial infarction (%)

3,448 (37.2)

 

Health behaviours

  

PAEE (kJ/kg/day)

6.04 (4.64)

5.01 (4.64)†

ΔPAEE (kJ/kg/day per year)

-

-0.13 (0.65)†

MDS points

8.55 (1.30)

8.66 (1.29)

ΔMDS (points per year)

-

0.03 (0.33)

Current smoker (%)

730 (7.9)

623 (6.7)

Former smoker (%)

3,658 (39.4)

3,774 (40.7)

Energy intake (kcal/day)

2060 (583)

1964 (559)

Alcohol (g/d)

8.5 (12.4)

8.8 (12.5)

  1. Data are presented as mean (SD) or number (%).
  2. HDL = high density lipoprotein; LDL = low density lipoprotein; DM = diabetes mellitus, CVD = cardiovascular diseases; PAEE = physical activity energy expenditure; ΔPAEE = over time changes in PAEE; MDS = Mediterranean diet score; ΔMDS = over time changes in MDS.
  3. The n = 9,276 sample consists of individuals with baseline and repeated dietary and physical activity data, who do not have prevalent DM and CVD as a combined condition during the assessment period.
  4. †For all variables, except those indicated by a dagger symbol (†), the repeated assessment period is Health Check 2 (HC2: 1998–2000). For the variables indicated by the dagger symbol, the repeated assessment period is the time of Postal Follow-Up (PFU: 2002–2004).
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