Table 1 Sex-stratified characteristics of the study sample.

Age (years)

1,214

1,293

50 (40 ; 61)

58 (47 ; 68)

< 0.001

49 (39 ; 60)

56 (46 ; 67)

< 0.001

Body height (cm)

1,211

1,289

177 (173 ; 181)

177 (172 ; 181)

< 0.001

165 (160 ; 169)

164 (159 ; 169)

< 0.001

Body weight (kg)

1,213

1,288

87.3 (78.7 ; 97.2)

87.6 (78.5 ; 96.8)

0.921

70.8 (63 ; 80.4)

71.8 (63.0 ;82.3)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

1,211

1,288

27.9 (25.5 ; 30.5)

27.9 (25.6 ; 30.8)

< 0.001

26.1 (23.1 ; 29.69)

26.6 (23.5 ; 30.6)

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

1,211

1,285

95 (88 ; 104)

102 (93 ; 109)

< 0.001

81 (74 ; 91)

90 (80 ; 101)

< 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

1,212

1,284

101 (96 ; 106)

100 (95 ; 106)

0.130

100 (93 ; 108)

102 (95 ; 111)

< 0.001

FM (kg)

916

888

20.6 (16.3 ; 25.6)

23.8 (18.7; 29.8)

< 0.001

23.8 (18.2 ; 30.5)

26.8 (20.6 ; 34.1)

< 0.001

FFM (kg)

895

863

67.0 (61.6; 72.5)

64.3 (58.7; 69.8)

< 0.001

47.2 (44.1; 51.1)

46.2 (42.4 ; 49.9)

< 0.001

Current smokers

1,205

1,272

23.90%

19.50%

< 0.001

23.35%

19.03%

< 0.001

Physical activity

1,203

1,270

70.99%

69.24%

0.267

73.46%

70.87%

0.078

Metabolic syndrome

1,196

1,277

31.52%

32.20%

0.764

16.05%

18.94%

0.008

HGS (kg)

1,211

1,285

50.6 (44.9 ; 56.3)

47.1 (40.4 ; 53.0)

< 0.001

29.8 (26.2 ; 34.5)

29.0 (24.9 ; 33.1)

< 0.001

VO₂peak (ml/min)

649

639

2,509

(2,149; 2,900)

2,473

(2,104; 2,880)

0.011

1,659

(1,430 ; 1,934)

1,712

(1,485 ; 1,953)

< 0.001

VO₂peak FFM

593

593

37.2 (32.0 ; 43.5)

38.7 (32.9 ; 44.5)

< 0.001

35.6 (30.8 ; 40.2)

37.7 (32.9 ; 42.4)

< 0.001