Table 2 Parameters required for discrete element simulation.

From: Modeling of sand-cultivated substrate for Gobi facility agriculture and validation of trenching test

Parameter symbol

Parameter

Parameter level

− 1

0

1

T1

Poisson’s ratio for river sand

0.2

0.3

0.4

T2

Shear modulus of river sand (MPa)

9.5

10.5

11.5

T3

River sand density

1250

1300

1350

T4

Recovery factor between river sand

0.15

0.45

0.75

T5

The static friction coefficient between river sand

0.2

0.6

1

T6

The rolling friction coefficient between river sand

0.1

0.25

0.4

T7

The collision recovery factor between river sand and steel

0.2

0.5

0.8

T8

The static friction coefficient between river sand and steel

0.3

0.6

0.9

T9

The rolling friction coefficient between river sand and steel

0.1

0.3

0.5