Table 2 Performance evaluation criteria.

From: Predicting CaO activity in multiple slag system using improved whale optimization algorithm and categorical boosting

No.

Performance metric

Formulation

1

R2

\({\text{R}}^{2} = \frac{{\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{{N_{p} }} {(y_{i}^{\exp } - \overline{{y_{m} }} )^{2} - \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{{N_{p} }} {(y_{i}^{{{\text{cal}}}} - y_{i}^{\exp } )^{2} } } }}{{\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{{N_{p} }} {(y_{i}^{\exp } - \overline{{y_{m} }} )^{2} } }}\)

2

MAE

\({\text{MAE}} = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{{N_{P} }} {\left| {y_{i}^{{{\text{cal}}}} - y_{i}^{\exp } } \right|} /N_{P}\)

3

RMSE

\({\text{RMSE}} = \sqrt {\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{{N_{P} }} {(y_{i}^{{{\text{cal}}}} - y_{i}^{\exp } )^{2} } /N_{P} }\)

  1. Np is the number of data, y exp is the experimental value, y cal is the calculated value, and \(\overline{{y_{m} }}\) is the average value.
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