Table 3 Best parameters for CatBoost within the parameter boundaries.

From: Predicting CaO activity in multiple slag system using improved whale optimization algorithm and categorical boosting

Parameters name

Parameters boundaries

Best parameters

learning_rate

(0.001, 0.5)

0.3276

depth

(3, 10)

8

n_estimators

(100, 1000)

684

l2_leaf_reg

(1, 10)

8.6729

subsample

(0.1, 1)

0.6301

bagging_temperature

(0, 1)

0.5256

colsample_bylevel

(0.1, 1)

0.8468

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