Fig. 5

Pairwise meta-analysis. NFT effects on global executive function (A), inhibitory control (B), and working memory (C) by comparison group type (experimental group vs. control group). SD = Standard Deviation; Std Mean Difference = Standardized Mean Difference; Random = Random Effects Model; Fix = Fix Effects Model; IV = Inverse Variance (a method of weight allocation); CI = Confidence Interval; I2 = Higgins’ I2; ◆ = Overall effect estimates from all studies pooled together in this meta-analysis. If ◆ cross the line signifies no difference between groups (the same below).