Fig. 1

Establishment of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) mouse model. (A) Experimental protocol for the establishment of TTS models. Mice received intraperitoneal injection of adrenaline and mice were examined by echocardiography at 24 h (1 day)/48 h (2 days)/1 week/4 weeks after injection. Sham mice were injected with the vehicle. Sampling was performed at 1 day/1 week/4 weeks after injection. (B) Echocardiography of Sham and TTS mice. Left panels indicate the diastolic phase and right panels indicate the systolic phase. The endocardial side is traced by yellow dashed lines. Scale bar, 1 mm. (C) Left ventricular wall thickness at the end systolic phase of the inferior base of Sham mice (blue), the inferior apex of Sham mice (light blue), the inferior base of TTS mice (red), and the inferior apex of TTS mice (pink) were measured at pre-injection and 1 day/2 days/1 week/4 weeks after injection (n = 19 and, 16 respectively). Statistical significance was determined using the Mann–Whitney U-test. †P < 0.01, Sham base at 1 day, *P < 0.01, vs. Sham apex at 1 day, ‡P < 0.01, vs. Sham apex at 2 days. Error bars represent standard error of the mean.