Table 3 Hazard ratios for AF incidence according to the degree of FLI and alcohol consumption.

From: Impact of steatotic liver disease categories on atrial fibrillation in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study

 

Drinkinga

No. of patients

Event

Duration, (person-years)

Incidence rate, (per 1000 person-years)

HR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

FLI < 30

None

652,197

36,074

6,533,585.8

5.52

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

1 (Ref.)

Mild

250,350

10,454

2,593,643.6

4.03

0.73 (0.71, 0.74)

0.97 (0.95, 0.99)

0.97 (0.95, 1.00)

0.99 (0.96, 1.01)

0.99 (0.97, 1.02)

Heavy

36,763

1,711

372,628.4

4.59

0.83 (0.79, 0.87)

1.16 (1.10, 1.21)

1.16 (1.11, 1.22)

1.19 (1.13, 1.25)

1.19 (1.13, 1.25)

Excessive

8,424

419

83,507.1

5.02

0.91 (0.83, 1.00)

1.20 (1.09, 1.32)

1.20 (1.09, 1.32)

1.21 (1.10, 1.34)

1.22 (1.11, 1.35)

30 ≤ FLI < 60

None

475,216

30,734

4,810,987.1

6.39

1.16 (1.14, 1.17)

1.15 (1.13, 1.16)

1.05 (1.03, 1.06)

1.04 (1.02, 1.06)

1.04 (1.02, 1.05)

Mild

277,855

13,561

2,885,965.7

4.70

0.85 (0.83, 0.86)

1.11 (1.09, 1.14)

1.04 (1.02, 1.07)

1.06 (1.03, 1.08)

1.06 (1.04, 1.09)

Heavy

61,070

3,071

626,142.1

4.90

0.89 (0.86, 0.92)

1.22 (1.18, 1.27)

1.16 (1.11, 1.20)

1.18 (1.13, 1.22)

1.19 (1.14, 1.23)

Excessive

16,480

946

165,188.2

5.73

1.04 (0.97, 1.11)

1.40 (1.31, 1.49)

1.32 (1.24, 1.41)

1.34 (1.25, 1.43)

1.36 (1.27, 1.45)

FLI ≥ 60

None

279,405

18,360

2,830,176.4

6.49

1.18 (1.15, 1.20)

1.40 (1.37, 1.42)

1.17 (1.14, 1.20)

1.15 (1.12, 1.18)

1.15 (1.12, 1.17)

Mild

287,955

13,295

2,997,530.4

4.44

0.80 (0.79, 0.82)

1.32 (1.30, 1.35)

1.15 (1.13, 1.18)

1.17 (1.14, 1.19)

1.18 (1.15, 1.21)

Heavy

100,568

5,014

1,038,209.6

4.83

0.87 (0.85, 0.90)

1.46 (1.42, 1.51)

1.29 (1.25, 1.33)

1.31 (1.27, 1.35)

1.32 (1.28, 1.37)

Excessive

34,597

2,046

350,537.7

5.84

1.06 (1.01, 1.11)

1.72 (1.65, 1.80)

1.52 (1.45, 1.59)

1.54 (1.47, 1.61)

1.56 (1.49, 1.63)

P value

     

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. The results were obtained using Cox proportional hazards analysis and are presented as HR with 95% CI.
  2. Model 1 is the unadjusted model; Model 2 is adjusted for age and sex; Model 3 is further adjusted for income, smoking, regular exercise, BMI, and CCI score; Model 4 is additionally adjusted for fasting glucose, DM duration, insulin use, OHA, and CKD; Model 5 is additionally adjusted for MI, CHF, dyslipidemia, stroke, TIA, thromboembolism, PAD, and CHA2DS2-VASc score.
  3. CHA2DS2-VASc score includes CHF, hypertension, age (≥ 65 = 1points; ≥75 = 2points), DM, previous stroke/TIA/thromboembolism (2points), vascular disease (PAD, previous MI, and aortic atheroma), and sex category (female sex).
  4. aAlcohol consumption (1) None (2) Mild- <30 g/d for men, < 20 g/d for women (3) Heavy- 30 ≤ men < 60 g/d, 20 ≤ women < 50 g/d (4) Excessive- ≥60 g/d for men, ≥ 50 g/d for women.
  5. Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CHF, congestive heart failure; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; FLI, fatty liver index; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
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