Fig. 6

Distinct astrocyte activation patterns associated with neuroinflammation induced by Gamma and proton beam irradiation. Gamma and proton beam irradiation induced distinct astrocyte activation patterns associated with neuroinflammation. Furthermore, gamma radiation affected co-cultured neurons and astrocytes by disrupting mitochondrial integrity, altering DA expression levels, and influencing glucose metabolism. While gamma radiation triggered pro-inflammatory effects, proton beam irradiation may elicit anti-inflammatory responses, with miR92a-3p potentially serving as a crucial factor in modulating the divergent activities.