Table 1 Astrocyte damage caused by different radiation irradiation at tolerated doses.

From: Distinct astrocyte activation patterns associated with neuroinflammation induced by gamma and proton beam irradiation

Ray type and characteristic

Inhibit cell proliferation

Apoptosis Associated enzyme activity

Cell activation

Cell polarization

Glutamine synthesis

γ-ray

Hertzian waves

Low LET low energy

 + 

↑

↑

↑

−↓

H + 

Particulate

Low LET medium energy

 + 

↓

↓

↓

−↑

  1.  + : Present, −: No change, ↑: Enhanced, ↓: Decreased, −↑: Enhanced but not significant, −↓: Decreased but not significant.
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