Fig. 1

Locations of Ocean bottom seismometers (red inverted triangles), land seismometers (brown stars), land seismometers whose data is used by Rao et al.31 (purple diamonds) and piercing points of Ps conversions at 535 km depth (black crosses). Background indicates topography/bathymetry. Inset: Distribution of stations (blue inverted triangles) and earthquakes (brown circles) in the epicentral distance range of 35° to 95°, whose waveforms are utilized in the present study.