Table 3 Comparison of pre-COVID (baseline), post-COVID (last visit), and changes (difference) in clinical characteristics between participants with type 2 diabetes without COVID infection, with COVID, and long-COVID.

From: COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes

 

No COVID (n = 41)

COVID

(n = 21)

Long COVID

(n = 9)

P value

Age, years

54.9 ± 9.0

56.2 ± 6.1

51.3 ± 6.8

0.13

Men, n (%)

21 (77.8)

5 (18.5)

1 (3.7)

< 0.05

Women, n (%)

20 (46.5)

15 (34.9)

8 (18.6)

Hb1Ac pre-COVID, %

8.2 ± 1.0

8.1 ± 0.9

8.4 ± 0.7

0.39

Hb1Ac post-COVID, %

8.1 ± 1.4

8.0 ± 1.2

8.9 ± 1.6

0.10

ΔHb1Ac, %

-0.1 ± 1.3

-0.1 ± 1.5

0.5 ± 1.5

0.32

Total cholesterol pre-COVID, mmol/L

4.18 ± 1.19

3.88 ± 0.87

4.86 ± 1.37

0.051

Total cholesterol post-COVID, mmol/L

3.99 ± 1.24

4.28 ± 0.63

4.86 ± 0.99‡

0.22

ΔTotal cholesterol, mmol/L

-0.19 ± 1.51

0.40 ± 0.95

0.01 ± 0.86

0.49

Triglyceride pre-COVID, mmol/L

1.81 ± 1.27

1.68 ± 1.32

1.77 ± 0.97

0.87

Triglyceride post-COVID, mmol/L

1.50 ± 0.68

1.46 ± 0.74

2.82 ± 1.86††

0.001

ΔTriglyceride, mmol/L

-0.34 ± 1.26

-0.25 ± 1.56

1.05 ± 1.83‡

< 0.05

HDL pre-COVID, mmol/L

1.07 ± 0.28

1.09 ± 0.28

1.32 ± 0.49‡

0.09

HDL post-COVID, mmol/L

1.20 ± 0.34

1.35 ± 0.45

1.40 ± 0.48

0.76

ΔHDL, mmol/L

0.13 ± 0.26

0.26 ± 0.39

0.08 ± 0.26

0.19

LDL pre-COVID, mmol/L

2.28 ± 0.87

2.00 ± 0.70

2.82 ± 1.08

< 0.05

LDL post-COVID, mmol/L

1.94 ± 0.87

2.33 ± 0.55

2.36 ± 0.97

0.91

ΔLDL, mmol/L

-0.32 ± 0.80

0.33 ± 0.71†

-0.46 ± 0.76

< 0.05

Systolic BP pre-COVID, mmHg

129.1 ± 16.2

118.4 ± 17.8†

122.8 ± 11.6

0.50

Systolic BP post-COVID, mmHg

134.9 ± 12.9

127.1 ± 14.1‡

122.7 ± 14.1†

0.42

ΔSystolic BP, mmHg

5.9 ± 19.3

8.7 ± 19.17

-0.1 ± 12.7

0.25

Diastolic BP pre-COVID, mmHg

78.4 ± 8.8

74.1 ± 11.4

74.7 ± 9.4

0.88

Diastolic BP post-COVID, mmHg

75.1 ± 7.5

74.7 ± 8.4

73.3 ± 8.1

0.68

ΔDiastolic BP, mmHg

-3.4 ± 12.0

0.6 ± 12.0

-1.3 ± 7.3

0.68

Body weight pre-COVID, kg

84.8 ± 12.0

79.0 ± 10.2

91.4 ± 14.8

0.01

Body weight post-COVID, kg

80.8 ± 11.2

78.2 ± 9.4

83.1 ± 11.7

0.28

ΔBody weight, kg

-4.0 ± 9.5

-0.8 ± 7.8

-8.3 ± 15.7†

< 0.01

  1. Numeric and categorical variables are summarized as means ± standard deviation and n (%), respectively. Variables were compared using one-way ANOVA except for sex which was compared using χ2. Variables that were significantly different between the no COVID-19, COVID-19, and long-COVID group were denoted as ‡P ≤ 0.05, †P ≤ 0.01, ††P ≤ 0.001, †††P ≤ 0.0001. P value for COVID-19 vs. long-COVID. Abbreviations: Δ = difference and BP = blood pressure.
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