Table 1 Baseline characteristics.

From: Effects of prehospital advanced airway management on cardiac arrest patients who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

 

Total

AAM

No AAM

p-value

N = 1789

N = 817

N = 972

 

Characteristics

 

Age (years)

61 (50–69)

61 (51–70)

61 (50- 68.25)

0.200

Sex (female)

299 (16.7)

129 (15.8)

170 (17.5)

0.341

Witnessed

1411 (79.0)

616 (75.5)

797 (81.9)

0.001

Bystander CPR

1042 (59.0)

453 (55.9)

589 (61.6)

0.015

Prehospital defibrillation

1091 (61.2)

539 (66.4)

552 (56.8)

< 0.001

Initial rhythm at the scene

   

0.001

VF

1092 (61.5)

516 (63.5)

576 (59.8)

 

Pulseless VT

35 (2.0)

15 (1.8)

20 (2.1)

 

Pulseless electrical activity

495 (27.9)

194 (23.9)

301 (31.2)

 

Asystole

154 (8.7)

87 (10.7)

67 (7.0)

 

Epinephrine administration

644 (36.3)

433 (53.7)

211 (21.8)

< 0.001

Advanced airway management

817 (45.7)

   

Tracheal intubation

195 (10.9)

195 (23.9)

0 (0)

 

Supraglottic airway devices

622 (34.8)

622 (76.1)

0 (0)

 

Prehospital ROSC

236 (13.2)

100 (12.4)

136 (14.2)

0.293

Cardiac rhythm on hospital arrival

   

0.162

VF

734 (41.1)

358 (43.9)

376 (38.8)

 

Pulseless VT

35 (2.0)

13 (1.6)

22 (2.3)

 

Pulseless electrical activity

586 (32.8)

253 (31.0)

333 (34.4)

 

Asystole

335 (18.8)

154 (18.9)

181 (18.7)

 

ROSC

95 (5.3)

38 (4.7)

57 (5.9)

 

Signs of life on hospital arrival

    

Spontaneous respiration/gasping

168 (9.4)

58 (8.6)

110 (12.3)

0.021

Any body movement

51 (2.9)

7 (0.9)

44 (4.6)

< 0.001

Pupillary reflexes

1434 (80.2)

675 (82.6)

759 (78.1)

0.033

PaO2 level on hospital arrival (mmHg)

64 (25.4–126)

69 (32.2–132.3)

57 (22.1–121.6)

0.002

 

ETI

SGA

 

86.5

(38.1–361.7)

64.2

(28.4–109)

Time-course

    

Time from EMS activation to hospital arrival, min

 

33 (28–41)

30 (25–37)

< 0.001

Time from EMS activation to ECMO initiation, min

 

58 (49–70)

56 (46–70)

0.002

Time from hospital arrival to ECMO initiation, min

 

22 (16–33)

23 (16–35)

0.224

Time from arrival at the scene to ECMO initiation, min

 

51 (43–63)

49 (39–63)

0.009

No-flow time

 

0 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

0.123

  1. Continuous variables are presented as the median [interquartile range], and categorical variables are presented as n (%).
  2. Abbreviations: CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. VF, ventricular fibrillation. VT, ventricular tachycardia. ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation; EMS, emergency medical service; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; paO2, arterial partial pressure of oxygen; ETI, endotracheal intubation; SGA, supraglottic airway.
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