Fig. 2

Island formation at Home Reef Volcano during the initial eruption phase in September 2022, monitored by PS (true color 6/4/2), TSX-HS and S2 (false color composite 12/4/2). Sensor type and acquisition date is in the upper left of each image and scale is in the lower right. The first image shows discolored water from strong submarine volcanic activity one day before the volcanic island began to grow above the sea surface. Based on the NHI analysis of S2 data, high thermal emissions are shown in red, mid-low thermal emissions in yellow. The thermal emissions were concentrated at the center of the newly formed island. Satellite imagery: PlanetScope (Planet Labs 2022), TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X DLR e.V. (2022), Sentinel-2 Copernicus data (2022). Map created using ESRI ArcGIS Pro 3.3 (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro).