Table 1 Satellite data acquired and analyzed over the Home Reef Volcano area.

From: The evolution of the 2022–2024 eruption at Home Reef, Tonga, analyzed from space shows vent migration due to erosion

Satellite mission

Sensor type

Bands used

Spatial resolution

Temporal resolution

MODIS

Mid (MIR) and thermal infrared (TIR)

bands 21/22

λ = 3.959 μm, band 31

λ = 11.03 μm

1000 m

4 per day (onboard of the satellites Terra and Aqua)

VIIRS

Mid (MIR) and thermal infrared (TIR)

I4

λ = 3.74 μm,

I5

λ = 11.45 μm

375 m

4 per day (onboard of the satellites Soumi NPP and NOAA-20)*

Landsat-8/9 (L8/9)

Multispectral

visible to SWIR

30 m

16 days (one satellite), 8 days with both

Sentinel-2 (S2)

Multispectral

visible to SWIR

10 m and 20 m

5 days (onboard Sentinel-2 A and B)

PlanetScope

Multispectral

visible to NIR

3 m

Daily coverage (constellation of ~ 130 cubesats)

TerraSAR-X

SAR

X-band

(3.1 cm)

1.2 m (HS),

0.25 m (ST)

11 days (same orbit)

  1. * VIIRS is also onboard of NOAA-21 (data available since January 17, 2024).