Table 1 Water quality parameters and HMs levels (µg/l) in the present study in relation to the established allowable limits for drinking water, irrigation, and aquatic life.

Temperature (°C)

(30-31.7)^a

30.70 ± 0.73

(24.1-26.92)^b

(25.33 ± 1.24)

(16.3–19.2)^d 17.40 ± 1.30

(20.1–22.3)^c 20.88 ± 1.01

12–25

8–28

pH

(7.75–7.81)^a

7.78 ± 0.03

(7.12–7.45)^c

7.29 ± 0.14

(8.6–9.23)^b

8.92 ± 0.27

(7.95–8.01)^b

7.98 ± 0.03

6.5–8.5

6.5–8.5

8.5

EC (µs/cm)

(413–511)^{a, b}

439.75 ± 47.59

(239–340)^c 295.5 ± 48.67

(333–379)^{b, c}

368 ± 23.40

(429–642)^a 518.75 ± 97.65

2000

3000

DO (mg/l)

(6.04–6.63)^b

6.34 ± 0.24

(6.29–7.4) ^b 6.77 ± 0.49

(7.3–8.5)^a

7.93 ± 0.49

(6.38–7.06) ^b

6.65 ± 0.31

6

5.5

BOD (mg/l)

(4.02–6.5)^a

5.03 ± 1.05

(4-5.2)^{a, b} 4.50 ± 0.51

(3.3–4.4)^b 3.95 ± 0.51

(4.5–5.5)^a

5.10 ± 0.43

3

COD (mg/l)

(11.2–16.4)^a

14.05 ± 2.14

(5.2–11.9)^b 8.60 ± 3.01

(7-9.5)^b

8.28 ± 1.42

(8.5–11.1)^b

9.78 ± 1.12

10

10

Cd (µg/l)

(2–7)^a

4.5 ± 2.08

(2–4)^{a, b}

3 ± 0.82

(1–4)^b

2.5 ± 1.29

(2–6)^{a, b}

3.75 ± 1.71

3

3

10

0.72

Cu (µg/l)

(56.2–85.5)^a

67.5 ± 12.86

(56.3–69.8)^a

63 ± 5.81

(45-56.3)^a

51 ± 4.75

(45-56.2)^a

51.19 ± 4.99

2000

2000

200

4

Pb (µg/l)

(21–86)^a

64 ± 30.19

(19–48)^b

32.75 ± 14.41

(22–35)^b

29.5 ± 5.57

(23–43)^b

30.75 ± 8.66

1

10

5000

2.5

Mn (µg/l)

(316–352)^a

333 ± 17.70

(176–340)^{a, b}

280 ± 74.69

(344–376)^a

365 ± 14.38

(148–264)^b

211 ± 48.15

100

100

200

100

Zn (µg/l)

(110–170)^a

148.75 ± 26.58

(65–110)^c

90.00 ± 19.58

(70–125)^{b, c}

102.50 ± 23.98

(95–130)^b

113.75 ± 16.52

500

3000

2000

120