Table 1 Characteristics of study population.

Demographic, social, lifestyle, obesity

 Age, years

38.5

± 11.8

41.6

± 11.7

36.9

± 11.6

< 0.01

 Gender ^b

0.835

  Females, n (%)

172

(62.5)

58

(61.7)

114

(63.0)

  Males, n (%)

103

(37.5)

36

(38.3)

67

(37.0)

 Weight, kgs

117.2

± 24.9

117.3

± 25.7

117.1

± 24.5

0.935

 Height, cm

165.9

± 9.3

165.8

± 9.7

165.9

± 9.2

0.947

 BMI, kg/m²

42.3

± 6.8

42.5

± 7.0

42.2

± 6.7

0.757

 Smoking ^b

0.430

  No, n (%)

218

(79.3)

72

(76.6)

146

(80.7)

  Yes, n (%)

57

(20.7)

22

(23.4)

35

(19.3)

 Obesity classification ^b

0.125

  Obesity class I, n (%)

22

(8.0)

11

(11.7)

11

(6.1)

  Obesity class II, n (%)

96

(34.9)

27

(28.7)

69

(38.1)

  Obesity class III, n (%)

157

(57.1)

56

(59.6)

101

(55.8)

Clinical and biochemical factors

 Diabetes ^b

< 0.05

  No, n (%)

233

(84.7)

73

(77.7)

160

(88.4)

  Yes, n (%)

42

(15.3)

21

(22.3)

21

(11.6)

 Diabetes category ^b

0.057

  Normal, n (%)

177

(64.4)

54

(57.4)

123

(68.0)

  Prediabetes, n (%)

56

(20.4)

19

(20.2)

37

(20.4)

  Type 2 Diabetes, n (%)

42

(15.3)

21

(22.3)

21

(11.6)

 Hypertension ^b

0.146

 No, n (%)

221

(80.4)

71

(75.5)

150

(82.9)

 Yes, n (%)

54

(19.6)

23

(24.5)

31

(17.1)

 Biochemical data

  HbA1c, %

5.8

± 1.3

6.1

± 1.5

5.7

± 1.1

< 0.05

  Total cholesterol, mmol/L

5.3

± 3.4

5.7

± 5.6

5.0

± 1.0

0.126

  Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.4

± 0.9

1.5

± 1.1

1.4

± 0.8

0.734

Psychological data

 Anxiety – KUAS score

33.8

± 11.8

31.5

± 7.5

35.0

± 10.0

< 0.01

 Anxiety category I^b

< 0.01

  Normal, n (%)

3

(1.1)

3

(3.2)

0

0

  Mild anxiety, n (%)

232

(84.4)

84

(89.4)

148

(81.8)

  Moderate anxiety, n (%)

36

(13.1)

7

(7.4)

29

(16.0)

  Severe anxiety, n (%)

4

(1.5)

0

0

4

(2.2)

 Anxiety category II^b

< 0.05

  Normal/mild n (%)

235

(85.5)

87

(92.6)

148

(81.8)

  Moderate/severe anxiety, n (%)

40

(14.5)

7

(7.4)

33

(18.2)

 Depression - BDI score

12.0

± 7.7

9.7

± 5.8

13.2

± 8.4

< 0.001

 Depression category I^b

< 0.01

  Minimal depression, n (%)

125

(45.5)

53

(56.4)

72

(39.8)

  Mild depression, n (%)

112

(40.7)

37

(39.4)

75

(41.4)

  Moderate depression, n (%)

27

(9.8)

3

(3.2)

24

(13.3)

  Severe depression, n (%)

11

(4.0)

1

(1.1)

10

(5.5)

 Depression category I^b

< 0.001

  Minimal/mild depression, n (%)

237

(86.2)

90

(95.7)

147

(81.2)

  Moderate/severe depression, n (%)

38

(13.8)

4

(4.3)

34

(18.8)

 Eating Disorder - SCOFF score

2.03

± 1.12

0.76

± 0.43

2.69

± 0.75

–

 Eating Disorder category

  SCOFF score < 2, n (%)

94

(34.2)

–

–

–

–

  SCOFF score ≥ 2, n (%)

181

(65.8)

–

–

–

–