Fig. 4

Effects of niacin or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolite treatment (TMT) versus control on the standardized mean difference (95%CIs) (SMD) in histology (Panel A) and permeability (Panel B) measures in studies (author, year of publication) conducted in either mouse, rat, or hamster models. Animal numbers (n) for study groups are shown. Data employed for analysis are shown in Supplemental Tables 5 and 6. Data from individual experiments that were pooled within studies based on nonsignificant heterogeneity (p ≥ 0.05) comparing the experiments are shown in Supplemental Figs. 5 and 6. Sixteen and 14 studies reported the effects of treatment on histologic or permeability measures respectively and for studies with more than one experiment, results could be combined for each measure. Treatment had effects on the side of decreasing SMDs for histologic and permeability in 15 (94%) and 13 (93%) studies and experiments respectively, and in 12 and 9 respectively, these decreases were significant (i.e. the 95%CI was entirely on the side of decreases with treatment). Effects did not differ across species for either measure (p ≥ 0.06). Although primarily quantitative, there was significant heterogeneity across studies within species as well as overall for histological and permeability measures of organ injury (I² ≥ 53%, p ≤ 0.01).