Fig. 5
Effects of niacin or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolite treatment (TMT) versus control on the standardized mean difference (95%CIs) (SMD) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) (Panel A) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Panel B) measures in studies (author, year of publication) conducted in either mouse, rat, or cow models. Animal numbers (n) for study groups are shown. Data employed for analysis are shown in Supplemental Tables 8 and 9. Data from individual regimens of treatment that were pooled within studies based on nonsignificant heterogeneity (p ≥ 0.05) comparing the regimens are shown in Supplemental Figs. 8 and 9. Twenty and 17 studies reported the effects of treatment on TNFα and IL-6 measures respectively and there was one study for each cytokine in which experiments could not be combined for analysis. Treatment had effects on the side of decreasing SMDs for TNFα and IL-6 in 23 (96%) and 19 (95%) studies and experiments respectively, and in 20 and 14 respectively, these decreases were significant (i.e. the 95%CI was entirely on the side of decreases with treatment). Effects did not differ significantly comparing species for either of the cytokines (p ≥ 0.14). However, while primarily quantitative, there was significant heterogeneity across studies within species as well as overall for each cytokine measure (I2 ≥ 66%, p < 0.01).
