Table 1 Symbol abbreviation.

AWSN

Agricultural wireless sensor network

MSPOA

Multi-strategy pelican optimization algorithm

IABC

Improved artificial bee colony algorithm

CAFA

Chaotic adaptive firefly optimization algorithm

APSO

Adaptive particle swarm optimization

LCSO

Lévy flight strategy chaotic snake optimization algorithm

WSN

Wireless sensor network

Rs

Sensing radius of a sensor node

Rc

Communication radius of a sensor node

U

Set of sensor nodes in the network

V

Set of nodes in the farmland monitoring area

P(u_i, v_j)

Probability that monitoring point v_j is sensed by sensor node u_i

C(U)

Coverage of the node set U over the entire monitoring area

M

Population size in the MSPOA algorithm

G

Maximum number of iterations in the MSPOA algorithm

d

Dimension of the problem in the MSPOA algorithm

F

Fitness function vector in the MSPOA algorithm

F_i

Fitness function value of the i-th candidate solution in the MSPOA algorithm

X

Population matrix of pelicans in the MSPOA algorithm

Xi

ith pelican (candidate solution) in the MSPOA algorithm

O

Three-dimensional helical position update coefficients in the MSPOA algorithm

α

Step factor in the Lévy flight strategy

λ

Stability parameter in the Lévy flight strategy

η, ε

Random numbers conforming to the standard normal distribution in Lévy flight

γ

Standard gamma function in the Lévy flight strategy

R

Constant in the mining phase of the MSPOA algorithm

g

Current iteration number in the MSPOA algorithm

ub

Upper bound in the good point set strategy

lb

Lower bound in the good point set strategy

S’

Connectivity status of the entire network

V’

Adjacency matrix of a directed graph representing node connectivity