Table 2 Mean values of heavy metal concentration by each NHANES (2013–2020.3) data release cycle.

From: The interpretable machine learning model for depression associated with heavy metals via EMR mining method

Heavy metal

Cycles of NHANES

P for trend

2013–2014

2015–2016

2017-2020.3

In urine

Barium (ug/L)

1.6(2.68)

1.59(2.25)

1.45(2.34)

< 0.001*

Cadmium (ug/L)

0.34(0.44)

0.32(0.39)

0.39(0.55)

< 0.001*

Cobalt (ug/L)

0.68(2.09)

0.66(1.52)

0.56(1.12)

< 0.001*

Cesium (ug/L)

4.86(3.24)

4.96(3.83)

5.11(3.47)

< 0.001*

Manganese (ug/L)

51.45(49.43)

54.5(50.45)

51.12(49.21)

< 0.001*

Molybdenum (ug/L)

0.19(0.76)

0.15(0.42)

0.16(0.3)

0.424

Lead, urine (ug/L)

0.49(0.7)

0.48(0.62)

0.45(0.55)

< 0.001*

Antimony, urine (ug/L)

0.07(0.12)

0.08(0.28)

0.07(0.15)

< 0.001*

Tin, urine (ug/L)

1.89(6.21)

1.49(3.08)

1.46(3.63)

< 0.001*

Thallium, urine (ug/L)

0.17(0.14)

0.18(0.16)

0.19(0.14)

< 0.001*

Tungsten, urine (ug/L)

0.14(0.46)

0.13(0.26)

0.12(0.4)

< 0.001*

In blood

Lead (ug/dL)

1.33(1.57)

1.24(1.12)

1.18(1.05)

< 0.001*

Cadmium (ug/L)

0.46(0.52)

0.43(0.5)

0.48(0.65)

< 0.001*

Mercury, total (ug/L)

1.37(2.46)

1.22(2.0)

1.17(2.28)

< 0.001*

Selenium (ug/L)

194.46(26.82)

189.79(25.5)

183.93(26.83)

< 0.001*

Manganese (ug/L)

9.78(3.72)

10.17(3.71)

9.58(3.69)

< 0.001*

  1. *P < 0.05.
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