Table 1 Antimicrobial activities including clearance zones, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration of Kiam wood extracted with ethanol-water mixtures at different ratios against V. parahaemolyticus.

From: Kiam wood, Cotylelobium lanceotatum, extract as a natural antimicrobial agent: protecting Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, against vibriosis

Extracts

V. parahaemolyticus

CZ (mm)

MIC (µg/mL)

MBC (µg/mL)

KWE

15.65 ± 0.49a

256

512

KWE-60%Eth

13.15 ± 0.49b, c

256

512

KWE-70%Eth

12.50 ± 0.85b, c

256

512

KWE-80%Eth

12.20 ± 0.00c

256

512

KWE-99%Eth

12.60 ± 0.57c

256

512

PS

14.30 ± 0.14a, b

16

128

  1. KWE refers to Kiam wood extract prepared with water; while KWE-60%Eth, KWE − 70%Eth, KWE − 80%Eth, and KWE-99%Eth indicate extract obtained using ethanol at concentrations of 60%, 70%, 80%, and 99% respectively. Potassium sorbate (PS) was used as the positive control. The clearance zone (CZ) represents the diameter of the inhibition area (mm). Values are presented as mean ± standard deviations of two replicates. MIC refers to the minimum inhibitory concentration, and MBC denotes the minimum bactericidal concentration for the extracts tested.
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