Fig. 6

(A) Gene transfection efficiency of CaP loaded with plasmid DNA encoding mCherry with CaP (mCherry/E+) and without CaP (mCherry/E−), electric current set to 30 μA. (B) Example images of a) DAPI fluorescence stain, b) mCherry fluorescence stain, and c) overlay of the gene transfection efficiency of CaP on the titanium surface after Silver + LED treatment. (C) Viability of MC3T3E1 cells on treated titanium surface after 3 days of application with CaP (mCherry) with electronic current set at 30 μA. *Significant difference (p < 0.05). (D) ALP activity of MC3T3E1 cells after the application of CaP (Oligo) or CaP(BMP-2) with electronic current at 30 μA. Symbols ×, ●, ◆, and ■□ represent non-contamination, Silver + LED treatment, CaP(oligo/E+), and CaP(BMP-2/E+), respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups are denoted by different superscript letters (the same letter indicates no significant difference). (E) Total ALP activity of MC3T3E1 cells after 30 days the application of CaP (Oligo) or CaP (BMP-2) with electronic current at 30 μA. *Significant difference (p < 0.05). (F) Cell calcification on the titanium surface treated with Silver + LED treatment followed by the application of CaP (Oligo) or CaP (BMP-2) with electronic current set at 30 μA in MC3T3E1 cells at 14 (□) or 28 days (■□). Significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups are denoted by different superscript letters (the same letter is not significantly different).