Table 11 Sensitivity analysis of key parameters on REI and system profitability.
Parameter | Base value | Variation | REI impact (%) | Profit impact (%) | Observations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Renewable energy penetration (%) | 40% | ± 10% | − 1.25 | − 1.33 | Higher penetration improves REI and profit but increases variability in grid operations |
Energy storage efficiency | 90% | ± 5% | − 1.14 | − 1.25 | ESS efficiency significantly impacts REI, particularly under high renewable penetration |
Carbon emission cost ($/ton) | 40 | ± 20% | − 1.11 | − 1.09 | Increasing carbon costs boosts hidden revenues but may strain financial viability in fossil-reliant grids |
Load variability (kW) | ± 5% | ± 10% | − 1.25 | − 1.16 | Higher variability reduces REI and profitability, highlighting the importance of robust forecasting |
