Table 1 Mathematical symbol and descriptions.

From: Difficulty aware programming knowledge tracing via large language models

Symbol

Description

S

The set of students

P

The set of programming problems

R

The set of response

m, n, v

The number of problem, student and KCs

KC

The set of Knowledge concepts

KD

Knowledge Concepts difficulty

TD

Text understanding difficulty

\(d_{i}\)

Knowledge Concepts difficulty level

\(u_{i}\)

Problem text understanding difficulty level