Table 7 Comparison of time response metrics for SFOA, GCRA, MSA, HBA and AO.

From: A new intelligent control strategy for CSTH temperature regulation based on the starfish optimization algorithm

Time response metric

SFOA

GCRA

MSA

HBA

AO

\({t_{rise,norm}}\) (s)

50.6027

53.6052

55.8742

53.4604

50.9800

\({t_{set,norm}}\) (s)

192.5837

196.6382

200.4884

229.9885

294.4251

\({O_{s,norm}}\) (%)

0.0183

1.3515

0.1929

0.5132

0.1324

\({E_{ss,~norm}}\) (%)

4.2105E − 05

7.8630E − 04

0.0048

9.1721E − 05

6.4159E − 05