Table 1 Pyramidal cell layer, number of surviving cells and pyknotic cells in the hippocampus (CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4), and granular cell layer in the dentate gyrus (DG) after 14 days of vehicle, Andrographolide (Andro), Andrographolide-nanostructured lipid carriers (AndroNLCs), dexamethasone (DEXA) or Venlafaxine (VLX) treatments in mice with neuroinflammation.

Thickness of pyramidal layer (µm)

 CA1

37.45 ± 0.59

32.15 ± 0.67**

36.31 ± 0.83^†

36.57 ± 0.74^†

38.37 ± 0.77^††

38.26 ± 1.47^††

 CA2

43.45 ± 1.01

29.54 ± 0.66**

40.19 ± 0.82^††

36.22 ± 0.75*^††##

40.44 ± 1.47^††

44.25 ± 1.36^††

 CA3

57.65 ± 1.76

28.31 ± 1.08**

44.18 ± 1.18^**††

40.52 ± 1.42**^††

44.20 ± 0.96**^††

54.51 ± 1.04^††

 CA4

74.19 ± 3.69

42.20 ± 1.54**

55.39 ± 1.56^**††

58.15 ± 1.81**^††

64.68 ± 1.67*^††

49.38 ± 1.48**

 DG

70.41 ± 1.63

44.44 ± 0.86**

61.36 ± 0.98^**††

49.77 ± 0.92**^††##

55.84 ± 1.18**^††

46.63 ± 0.99**

Number of surviving cells (cells/field)

 CA1

90.63 ± 1.58

74.00 ± 2.55**

82.88 ± 1.47^†

90.50 ± 2.40^††#

88.00 ± 0.98^††

80.75 ± 1.97**^†

 CA2

117.25 ± 1.41

101.38 ± 1.94**

111.75 ± 1.03^†

118.00 ± 2.10^††#

116.13 ± 1.51^††

114.00 ± 4.14^††

 CA3

80.63 ± 2.34

61.00 ± 0.63**

73.00 ± 1.80^††

76.63 ± 1.18^††

66.38 ± 1.34**^†

76.50 ± 4.15^††

 CA4

81.75 ± 3.81

68.13 ± 0.93**

78.88 ± 0.85^††

79.25 ± 0.94^††

79.63 ± 3.82^††

75.63 ± 3.36^†

 DG

140.25 ± 1.68

122.38 ± 1.00**

146.63 ± 2.99^††

139.13 ± 1.17^††#

140.50 ± 1.20^††

133.38 ± 3.66^†

Number of pyknotic cells (cells/field)

 CA1

1.13 ± 0.30

3.63 ± 0.42**

1.63 ± 0.38^††

2.13 ± 0.23^†

1.25 ± 0.16^††

2.38 ± 0.26^†

 CA2

2.13 ± 0.30

6.13 ± 0.40**

2.75 ± 0.45^††

2.63 ± 0.26^††

2.50 ± 0.27^††

2.50 ± 0.19^††

 CA3

1.75 ± 0.25

7.25 ± 0.49**

2.25 ± 0.25^††

1.88 ± 0.30^††

2.75 ± 0.25^††

2.88 ± 0.23^††

 CA4

2.25 ± 0.45

10.00 ± 0.78**

3.38 ± 0.38^††

3.13 ± 0.30^††

4.25 ± 0.37^*††

3.88 ± 0.40^††

 DG

2.88 ± 0.35

12.25 ± 0.67**

4.25 ± 0.56^††

3.63 ± 0.38^††

4.38 ± 0.32^††

4.13 ± 0.44^††