Fig. 3

Perinatal exposure to p-Cresol impairs communication in male mice pups and induces hypoactivity in mice pups, with no changes in olfactory orientation. (A) Total duration of USV emitted in male and female pups at P8; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.6643, p(Sex) = 0.1106, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.7332; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (B) Mean USV duration; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.1627, p(Sex) = 0.7696, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.1125; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: male *p < 0.05. (C) Latency to the first entry into the maternal bedding zone in the olfactory orientation test at P9; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.9385, p(Sex) = 0.6904, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.8331; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (D) Ratio between time spent in maternal zone vs. total time; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.1312, p(Sexe) = 0.9103, p(Treatment x Sexe) = 0.6962; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (E) Distance traveled over time (2-minute bins) at P12. F. GEE estimates, 95% CIs, and associated p-values for the effects of time, treatment, and sex on distance traveled: p(Treatment) = 0.0009, p(Time) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.3004. (G) Time spent in motion (2-minute bins). (H) GEE estimates, 95% CIs, and associated p-values for the effects of time, treatment, and sex on time spent in motion: p(Treatment) = 0.0019, p(Time) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.1272. (A–D) Data are presented as dot plots indicating means ± standard deviation. (E, G) Data are presented as means ± standard deviation. (F, H) Data are presented as dot plots with means ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Only statistically significant differences are presented (p < 0.05). (A–H) n = 33 control (22 males/11 females), n = 40 p-Cresol (18 males/22 females).