Fig. 4

Perinatal exposure to p-Cresol does not induce anxiety or impair locomotor activity, but partially induces motor stereotypies and impairs social behavior in adult mice. (A) Total distance traveled in the open-field test; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.2504, p(Sex) = 0.0009, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.6020; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (B) Number of entries into the center zone; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.2517, p(Sex) = 0.2218, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.5775; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (C) Percentage of time spent in the center; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.5304, p(Sex) = 0.1114, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.8465; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (D) Average speed in the center zone; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.6616, p(Sex) = 0.0005, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.9054; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (E) Number of diggings; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.7660, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.1084; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: Male p < 0.0001 ; female p = 0.0043. (F) Number of circlings; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.0235, p(Sex) = 0.7469, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.5910 ; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (G) Number of rearings; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.4589, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.0993; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: Male p < 0.001 ; female p > 0.05. (H) Number of headshakes; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.4666, p(Sex) = 0.1506, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.8898; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p > 0.05. (I) Number of nose contacts; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.5212, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.0043; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: Male p < 0.0001 ; female p > 0.05. J. Total time spent in nose contact; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.4433, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.0411; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p < 0.0001. (K) Mean duration of one nose contact; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) < 0.0001, p(Sex) = 0.1085, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.5635; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: p < 0.0001. (L) Number of grooming post-social interaction; two-way ANOVA: p(Treatment) = 0.0149, p(Sex) = 0.2519, p(Treatment x Sex) = 0.3261; Šidák post hoc tests for treatment effect by sex: male p > 0.05 ; female p < 0.05. (A–L) Data are presented as dot plots with means ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Only statistically significant differences are presented (p < 0.05). (A–L) n = 25 control (14 males/11 females), n = 24 p-Cresol (12 males/12 females).