Table 4 Comparison of algorithms on unimodal benchmark functions.

From: A novel reindeer cyclone optimization algorithm (RCOA)

Function

RCOA

WOA

WDO

PSO

DE

GSA

Ave

Std

Ave

Std

Ave

Std

Ave

Std

Ave

Std

Ave

Std

F1

1.66e+02

7.87e+02

1.26e+02

6.42e−03

8.26e+02

2.20e−04

1.44e+04

1.82e−12

4.20e+03

1.66e−13

3.36e+03

4.55e−13

F2

3.07e−01

1.50e+00

3.51e−01

1.09e−02

1.88e+01

1.47e−08

3.27e+03

9.09e−13

3.54e+01

7.11e−15

2.71e+03

9.09e−13

F3

5.39e+03

2.86e+04

4.58e+03

1.01e+00

2.78e+04

1.23e−02

5.37e+07

7.45e−09

1.39e+06

2.33e−10

2.78e+05

5.82e−11