Table 1 Baseline comparison between the training cohort and validation cohort.

From: Development of a nomogram to predict risk factors for orchiectomy after testicular torsion in children

Variables

Total (n = 468)

Training cohort (n = 327)

Validation cohort (n = 141)

Statistic

P

Age(months), M (Q1, Q3)

129.50 (48.00, 156.00)

127.00 (48.00, 156.00)

132.00 (36.00, 156.00)

Z=-0.12

0.906

BMI(kg/m2), M (Q1, Q3)

16.48 (15.21, 18.40)

16.45 (15.21, 18.38)

16.83 (15.40, 18.48)

Z=-0.91

0.364

Duration of symptoms (hours), M (Q1, Q3)

27.00 (10.00, 62.00)

27.00 (10.00, 51.00)

28.00 (13.00, 76.00)

Z=-1.74

0.081

Hematological parameters

WBC(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

10.67 (8.61, 13.15)

10.73 (8.71, 13.27)

10.33 (8.57, 13.10)

Z=-0.92

0.358

Neutrophil(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

6.77 (5.04, 8.64)

6.97 (5.26, 8.95)

6.72 (4.95, 8.08)

Z=-0.99

0.323

Lymphocyte(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

2.37 (1.63, 3.54)

2.30 (1.60, 3.71)

2.42 (1.72, 3.40)

Z=-0.54

0.589

Monocyte(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

0.64 (0.43, 0.90)

0.64 (0.44, 0.90)

0.62 (0.41, 0.90)

Z=-0.45

0.650

Eosinophil(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

0.06 (0.02, 0.19)

0.07 (0.02, 0.19)

0.10 (0.02, 0.22)

Z=-0.94

0.340

Basophil(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

0.02 (0.02, 0.04)

0.02 (0.02, 0.04)

0.03 (0.02, 0.04)

Z=-0.49

0.625

Platelet(109 /L), M (Q1, Q3)

285.00 (231.00, 331.25)

286.00 (236.00, 330.00)

282.00 (219.00, 335.00)

Z=-1.16

0.245

MPV(fl.), Mean ± SD

10.09 ± 1.34

10.04 ± 1.34

10.20 ± 1.33

t = 1.21

0.228

PCT(%), M (Q1, Q3)

0.28 (0.25, 0.33)

0.28 (0.25, 0.33)

0.28 (0.25, 0.33)

Z=-0.28

0.778

PDW(fl.), M (Q1, Q3)

12.80 (10.60, 15.80)

12.90 (10.55, 15.70)

12.70 (10.60, 15.90)

Z=-0.21

0.836

CRP(mg/L), M (Q1, Q3)

3.73 (0.60, 10.20)

3.60 (0.58, 10.20)

4.50 (0.80, 11.50)

Z=-1.44

0.149

TWIST score grading, n (%)

   

χ2=0.16

0.688

Intermediate risk

229 (48.93)

162 (49.54)

67 (47.52)

  

High risk

239 (51.07)

165 (50.46)

74 (52.48)

  

Affected side, n (%)

   

χ2=0.01

0.917

Left

347 (74.15)

242 (74.01)

105 (74.47)

  

Right

121 (25.85)

85 (25.99)

36 (25.53)

  

Season of occurrence, n (%)

   

χ2=0.66

0.882

Spring

91 (19.44)

61 (18.65)

30 (21.28)

  

Summer

130 (27.78)

92 (28.13)

38 (26.95)

  

Autumn

97 (20.73)

70 (21.41)

27 (19.15)

  

Winter

150 (32.05)

104 (31.80)

46 (32.62)

  

Time of occurrence, n (%)

   

χ2=0.25

0.617

Daytime

336 (71.79)

237 (72.48)

99 (70.21)

  

Nighttime

132 (28.21)

90 (27.52)

42 (29.79)

  

TT of UDT, n (%)

   

χ2=0.00

0.992

Yes

53 (11.32)

37 (11.31)

16 (11.35)

  

No

415 (88.68)

290 (88.69)

125 (88.65)

  

Testicular echotexture, n (%)

   

χ2=0.13

0.715

Homogeneous

72 (15.38)

49 (14.98)

23 (16.31)

  

Nonhomogeneous

396 (84.62)

278 (85.02)

118 (83.69)

  

Blood flow signal, n (%)

   

χ2=0.32

0.570

Visible

131 (27.99)

89 (27.22)

42 (29.79)

  

Invisible

337 (72.01)

238 (72.78)

99 (70.21)

  

Type of torsion, n (%)

   

χ2=0.01

0.916

Intra-vaginal

444 (94.87)

310 (94.80)

134 (95.04)

  

Extra-vaginal

24 (5.13)

17 (5.20)

7 (4.96)

  

Degree of torsion (°), M (Q1, Q3)

360.00 (270.00, 720.00)

360.00 (270.00, 720.00)

360.00 (270.00, 720.00)

Z=-0.51

0.613

Direction of torsion, n (%)

   

χ2=0.67

0.415

Clockwise

186 (39.74)

126 (38.53)

60 (42.55)

  

Anticlockwise

282 (60.26)

201 (61.47)

81 (57.45)

  
  1. t: t-test, Z: Mann-Whitney test, χ2: Chi-square test.
  2. SD standard deviation, M median, Q1 1st quartile, Q3 3st quartile, BMI body mass index, WBC white blood cell, MPV mean platelet volume, CRP c-reactive protein, TWIST testicular workup for ischemia and suspected torsion, TT testicular torsion, UDT undescended testis.
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