Table 1 Measurements used in the analysis.
Category | Measurements | Real questionnaire items and description |
|---|---|---|
Basic information | Age | This measurement indicates the age of the participants |
Participants were divided into three groups 20 to 44, 45 to 64 and Over 65 | ||
Gender | This measurement indicates the gender of the participants | |
Participants were divided into two groups, male and female | ||
Mental and physical health | CES-D40 | CES-D indicates degree of depression |
High score indicates a risk for depression | ||
Exercise habits | “How many days per week do you engage in light exercise (including physical activities such as farming)?” with the following options: 1. Every day 2. 5–6 days 3. 2–4 days 4. 1 day or less 5. Not at all | |
The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | ||
Locomo 2541 | High score indicates progressing of locomotive syndrome | |
Vitality from SF36 | High score indicates high vitality | |
Social Situations | Final educational background | "Please answer the option that corresponds to your highest level of education" with the following options: 1. Elementary school 2. Junior high school 3. High school 4. Junior college/Vocational school 5. University or higher 6. Other |
Participants were divided into three groups: high school diploma or less, graduated from a vocational school or a junior college and bachelor’s degree or higher. Other was excluded | ||
Household financial stability | "How do you feel about your current living situation economically?" with the following options: 1. Very difficult 2. Somewhat difficult 3. Average 4. Somewhat comfortable 5. Very comfortable | |
Job category | “What has been your primary occupation (including full-time homemaker) over the past year?” with the following options: | |
1. Professional/Technical Worker 2. Managerial Worker 3. Clerical Worker 4. Sales Worker 5. Service Worker 6. Security Worker 7. Agricultural Worker 8. Forestry Worker 9. Fishery Worker 10. Transportation/Communication Worker 11. Production/Manual Labor Worker 12. Homemaker (Full-time) 13. Unemployed 14. Student 15. Unclassifiable | ||
Participants were divided into 3 groups primary industry, non-primary industry and unemployed | ||
Primary industry includes 7, 8 and 9. Non-primary industry includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11 and 15. Unemployed includes 12, 13 and 14 | ||
Number of family members communication with | “How many family members or relatives do you meet or talk with at least once a month?” | |
Number of friends communication with | “How many friends do you meet or talk with at least once a month?” | |
Having any partner | “Please answer marital status” from the following options: 1. Married 2. Not married (bereavement) 3. Not married (divorced) 4. Not married (single) | |
Participants were divided into 2groups with partner and without partner | ||
Those who experienced bereavement were excluded | ||
Eating behaviors | Cooking frequency | “How often do you usually cook and prepare your own meals?” with the following options: 1. Every day 2. 5–6 days a week 3. 3–4 days a week 4. 1–2 days a week 5. Rarely |
The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | ||
Culinary confidence | “I am confident in my cooking skills.” with the following options: 1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Somewhat disagree 4. Strongly disagree | |
The results were reversed so that higher confidence correspond to higher scores | ||
Dietary improvement | “Regarding improvements towards a healthier diet, please select the one option that best applies to you” with the following options: 1. I do not intend to improve my diet 2. I plan to improve my diet in the future (within approximately 6 months) 3. I intend to improve my diet soon (within approximately 1 month) and have started making small changes 4. I am already working on improving my diet (for less than 6 months) 5. I am already working on improving my diet (for more than 6 months) | |
Enjoy eating | “I like eating.” with the following options: 1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Somewhat disagree 4. Strongly disagree | |
The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | ||
Enjoying the taste of foods | “I enjoy my meals.” with the following options: 1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Somewhat disagree 4. Strongly disagree | |
The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | ||
Frequency of eating out | “How often do you eat out (meals at restaurants)?” with the following options: 1. Twice or more per day 2. Once per day 3. 4–6 times per week 4. 2–3 times per week 5. Once per week 6. Less than once per week 7. Never | |
The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | ||
Frequency of eating | “How often do you use commercially prepared foods?” with the following options: 1. Twice or more per day 2. Once per day 3. 4–6 times per week 4. 2–3 times per week 5. Once per week 6. Less than once per week 7. Never | |
Prepared foods | The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | |
Health considerations | “I am conscious of my health and pay attention to my diet.” with the following options: 1. Strongly agree 2. Somewhat agree 3. Somewhat disagree 4. Strongly disagree | |
The results were reversed so that higher frequencies correspond to higher scores | ||
BDHQ | Energy-adjusted food or nutrient intakes (weight/1000 kcal) were used |
