Table 3 Dynamic degree (Ds and Dc) and Ct values of LULC. With respect to Ds, “+” denotes an increase in area, whereas “−” denotes a decrease in area. The units of Ds and Dc were %.

From: Anthropogenic activities accelerate LULC conversion and only a sustainable development scenario is optimal for agro-pastoral ecotone development

Period

Ds (%)

Dc

Ct

Farmlands

Shrubland

Grassland

Water bodies

Bare land

Construction land

1985–1990

−0.34

−2.21

+ 0.08

−2.85

−0.26

+ 0.18

0.06

0.0045

1990–1995

−2.35

+ 4.79

+ 0.53

+ 22.28

+ 1.50

+ 3.11

0.44

0.0308

1995–2000

+ 4.12

+ 17.73

−0.86

+ 6.92

+ 13.11

+ 3.05

0.71

0.0492

2000–2005

−1.15

+ 4.73

+ 0.34

+ 0.13

−11.24

+ 6.97

0.27

0.0179

2005–2010

−1.84

−0.74

+ 0.38

−7.41

+ 14.42

+ 15.20

0.35

0.0232

2010–2015

+ 3.42

+ 34.42

−0.74

−2.12

+ 6.62

+ 5.79

0.61

0.0420

2015–2020

−5.19

+ 2.16

+ 1.30

−6.91

−2.47

+ 5.55

1.04

0.0731

2020–2022

−2.90

+ 27.85

+ 0.49

−4.45

−4.05

+ 12.87

0.44

0.0120