Table 5 Changes in the areas of the different LUTs under the different scenarios. The unit of the changing area is km²; the relative change rate compared with that in 2022 is expressed in %; “+” denotes an increase in area; and “−” denotes a decrease in area.

From: Anthropogenic activities accelerate LULC conversion and only a sustainable development scenario is optimal for agro-pastoral ecotone development

Changes in area

(2022–2034)

Farmland

Shrubland

L–FVC grassland

M–FVC grassland

H–FVC grassland

Water bodies

Bare land

Construction land

NDS

km2

–166.33

+ 0.12

−62.93

+ 154.71

+ 70.46

+ 0.0153

+ 1.28

+ 2.68

%

−11.57

+ 8.22

−0.95

+ 7.40

+ 48.17

+ 1.54

+ 3.69

+ 12.17

UDS

km2

−136.54

−0.15

−17.93

+ 91.90

+ 54.26

+ 0.0144

+ 3.17

+ 5.27

%

−9.50

−10.87

−0.27

+ 4.40

+ 37.09

+ 1.45

+ 9.11

+ 23.97

EDS

km2

−94.81

+ 0.02

−146.66

+ 165.52

+ 72.89

+ 0.01

−0.42

+ 3.45

%

−6.60

+ 1.71

−2.21

+ 7.92

+ 49.83

+ 1.18

−1.20

+ 15.68