Fig. 2

The distribution of implicit evaluations (top pane) and explicit evaluations (bottom pane) from Study 1B (N = 288) by label condition (American/alien, American/foreigner, American/noncitizen). Positive values indicate relative preference for “American” over the other label. Both implicit and explicit evaluations were standardized for comparability. The dots show condition means, and the error bars represent 95-percent confidence intervals. n.s. = nonsignificant, * = p < 0.05.