Fig. 3

The distribution of implicit evaluations (top pane) and explicit evaluations (bottom pane) from Study 1C (N = 306) by label condition (foreigner/alien, noncitizen/alien, noncitizen/foreigner). Positive values indicate relative preference for the first over the second label. Both implicit and explicit evaluations were standardized for comparability. The dots show condition means, and the error bars represent 95-percent confidence intervals. ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001.