Table 5 Performance without using VMD.

From: Wind speed prediction based on variational mode decomposition and advanced machine learning models in zaafarana, Egypt

Models

R²

MSE

RMSE

MAE

XGBoost

33%

1.92

1.38

1.06

AdaBoost

32%

1.08

1.95

1.39

LightGBM

23%

1.15

2.24

1.49

KNN

17%

1.19

2.4

1.55

Informer

71%

0.25

0.5

0.38

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