Table 5 Wilcoxon rank sum test results.

From: Multi-strategy hybrid adaptive dung beetle optimization for UAV photogrammetric 3D path planning under complex constraints

Function

Metric

DBO

AOA

PSO

GWO

WOA

HHO

 + /−/ = 

F1

p-value

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

8/0/0

F2

p-value

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

8/0/0

F3

p-value

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

8/0/0

F4

p-value

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

8/0/0

F5

p-value

8.89E-10

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

1.78E-10

3.02E-11

6.05E-07

8/0/0

F6

p-value

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

2.89E-03

8/0/0

F7

p-value

1.19E-06

3.01E-04

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

7.22E-06

6.35E-02

7/1/0

F8

p-value

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

9.76E-10

4.68E-02

8/0/0

F9

p-value

3.34E-01

NAN

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

8.15E-02

NAN

5/2/1

F10

p-value

NAN

3.13E-04

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

3.14E-08

NAN

6/0/2

F11

p-value

NAN

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

1.21E-12

NAN

NAN

5/0/3

F12

p-value

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

1.06E-03

8/0/0

F13

p-value

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

3.02E-11

5.97E-05

8/0/0

F14

p-value

1.43E-01

3.26E-10

1.52E-01

4.11E-08

2.28E-07

1.07E-06

7/1/0

F15

p-value

1.03E-06

3.02E-11

2.95E-11

5.53E-08

4.08E-11

3.08E-08

8/0/0

F16

p-value

8.87E-07

2.52E-11

8.87E-07

5.75E-10

2.77E-09

3.26E-06

8/0/0

F17

p-value

6.75E-08

3.02E-11

3.43E-08

4.50E-11

3.02E-11

3.69E-11

8/0/0

F18

p-value

6.40E-01

3.02E-11

5.82E-03

6.05E-07

2.87E-10

8.99E-11

7/1/0

F19

p-value

1.26E-02

3.02E-11

2.68E-02

5.46E-09

6.07E-11

3.02E-11

8/0/0

F20

p-value

8.16E-02

3.02E-11

7.71E-03

4.57E-09

9.92E-11

3.02E-11

7/1/0

F21

p-value

6.62E-01

3.02E-11

9.29E-06

9.76E-10

4.08E-11

3.02E-11

7/1/0