Table 2 Summarizes the preprocessing steps applied in this study for enhanced reproducibility.

From: Optimizing non small cell lung cancer detection with convolutional neural networks and differential augmentation

Step

Description

Resizing

Resized all images to 256 × 256 pixels

Normalization

Scaled pixel values to the range [0, 1] using value/255

Label encoding

Converted categorical labels to one-hot vectors

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