Table 1 Scale factors for physical model under 1g conditions.

From: Experimental study of influencing pile to cap connections on the rocking behaviors of piled foundations

Quantity

Scale factor

Length

1/N

Mass

1/N3

Stress

1/N

Force

1/N3

Moment

1/N4

Soil’s Elastic Modulus

1/\({N}^{\alpha }\)

Strain (for soil)

1/\({N}^{\alpha +1}\)

Displacement (for soil)

1/\({N}^{\alpha +2}\)

Pile’s Flexural Rigidity (EI)

1/\({N}^{4+\alpha }\)

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