Table 1 Multiple software reliability growth models.

Goel-Okumoto (G-O) model¹¹

\(a(1 - \exp ( - bt))\)

Closed source software (CSS) and perfect debugging SRM

Delayed S-shaped (DSS) model¹²

\(a(1 - (1 + bt)\exp ( - bt))\)

CSS and perfect debugging SRM

Inflection S-shaped (ISS) model¹³

\(\frac{a(1 - \exp ( - bt))}{{1 + \beta \exp ( - bt)}}\)

CSS and perfect debugging SRM

Generalized G-O (GGO) model¹⁴

\(a(1 - \exp ( - bt^{c} ))\)

CSS and perfect debugging SRM

Zhang-Teng-Pham model¹⁵

\(\frac{a}{p - \alpha }\left[ {\left( {1 - \frac{(1 + \alpha )\exp ( - bt)}{{1 + \beta \exp ( - bt)}}} \right)^{{\frac{c(p - \alpha )}{b}}} } \right]\)

CSS and imperfect debugging SRM

Li model¹⁶

\(a\left( {1 - \exp \left( { - N\left( {\frac{1}{1 + \beta \exp ( - bt)} - \frac{1}{1 + \beta }} \right)} \right)} \right)\)

Open source software and perfect debugging SRM

Proposed model (PM)

\(a(1 - \exp ( - b(\exp (ct^{d} ) - 1)^{e} ))\)

Open source software and perfect debugging SRM