Table 2 Spearman correlations of the Microbiome and parameter changes between timepoints 6 h and 24 h after Bruce intervention. Only correlations with significant p-values (< 0.05) are included.

From: Gut microbiome and blood biomarkers reveal differential responses to aerobic and anaerobic exercise in collegiate men of diverse training backgrounds

Group	Parameter	Microbiome feature	Spearman correlation	Adjusted p value
Control	Leptin [pg/ml]	PWY0-1241: ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose biosynthesis	0.95	< 0.001
	LIF [pg/ml]	RIBOSYN2-PWY: flavin biosynthesis I (bacteria and plants)	0.90	0.02
	IL-6 [pg/ml]	Bacteroides cellulosilyticus	− 0.88	0.03
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-5971: palmitate biosynthesis (type II fatty acid synthase)	− 0.87	0.06
	Il-10 [pg/ml]	PWY0-1241: ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose biosynthesis	− 0.83	0.10
	LIF [pg/ml]	Bacteroides caccae	− 0.84	0.11
	LIF [pg/ml]	Clostridiaceae bacterium	0.80	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	BIOTIN-BIOSYNTHESIS-PWY: biotin biosynthesis I	− 0.80	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	FASYN-ELONG-PWY: fatty acid elongation—saturated	− 0.79	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-7664: oleate biosynthesis IV (anaerobic)	− 0.79	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-6609: adenine and adenosine salvage III	0.83	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-6519: 8-amino-7-oxononanoate biosynthesis I	− 0.79	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY0-862: (5Z)-dodecenoate biosynthesis I	− 0.79	0.12
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-6282: palmitoleate biosynthesis I (from (5Z)-dodec-5-enoate)	− 0.79	0.12
	Leptin [pg/ml]	Roseburia faecis	− 0.82	0.15
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-6572: chondroitin sulfate degradation I (bacterial)	− 0.78	0.15
	FSTL1 [pg/ml]	PWY0-1241: ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose biosynthesis	− 0.80	0.16
	Il-10 [pg/ml]	PWY-6700: queuosine biosynthesis I (de novo)	0.80	0.17
	LIF [pg/ml]	PWY-8187: L-arginine degradation XIII (reductive Stickland reaction)	− 0.76	0.18
	SPARC [pg/ml]	PWY0-1241: ADP-l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose biosynthesis	− 0.80	0.18
Strength	IL-15 [pg/ml]	PWY0-1298: superpathway of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation	− 0.95	< 0.02
	IL-10 [pg/ml]	Clostridium sp AF27 2AA	0.92	0.10
	IL-6 [pg/ml]	Gemmiger formicilis	0.92	0.11
Endurance	IL-15 [pg/ml]	Eubacterium rectale	− 0.95	< 0.001
	TfR [pg/ml]	Blautia wexlerae	− 0.93	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron	0.92	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	PWY-5188: tetrapyrrole biosynthesis I (from glutamate)	− 0.92	< 0.01
	Adiponectin [pg/ml]	PWY3O-4107: NAD salvage pathway V (PNC V cycle)	− 0.92	< 0.01
	Adiponectin [pg/ml]	PWY-4041: γ-glutamyl cycle	− 0.90	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Blautia wexlerae	− 0.90	< 0.01
	Adiponectin [pg/ml]	COLANSYN-PWY: colanic acid building blocks biosynthesis	− 0.89	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	GLYCOGENSYNTH-PWY: glycogen biosynthesis I (from ADP-D-Glucose)	− 0.88	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	PWY-5030: l-histidine degradation III	0.88	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	HISDEG-PWY: l-histidine degradation I	0.88	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Odoribacter splanchnicus	− 0.88	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Bacteroides uniformis	0.84	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Dorea longicatena	0.84	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Lacrimispora celerecrescens	− 0.84	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	OANTIGEN-PWY: O-antigen building blocks biosynthesis (E. coli)	− 0.84	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	DAPLYSINESYN-PWY: l-lysine biosynthesis I	− 0.83	< 0.01
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	CITRULBIO-PWY: L-citrulline biosynthesis	0.83	< 0.01
	TfR [pg/ml]	KETOGLUCONMET-PWY: ketogluconate metabolism	− 0.82	0.12
	TfR [pg/ml]	PWY-5188: tetrapyrrole biosynthesis I (from glutamate)	− 0.88	0.12
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	PWY-7199: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides salvage	0.78	0.16
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	NONOXIPENT-PWY: pentose phosphate pathway (nonoxidative branch) I	− 0.78	0.16
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	Eubacterium rectale	− 0.78	0.16
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	HSERMETANA-PWY: l-methionine biosynthesis III	− 0.78	0.16
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	P441-PWY: superpathway of N-acetylneuraminate degradation	− 0.84	0.17
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	ARGSYNBSUB-PWY: l-arginine biosynthesis II (acetyl cycle)	− 0.77	0.17
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	METH-ACETATE-PWY: methanogenesis from acetate	− 0.77	0.17
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	ARGSYN-PWY: l-arginine biosynthesis I (via l-ornithine)	− 0.77	0.17
	TfR [pg/ml]	PWY-5030: l-histidine degradation III	0.84	0.18
	TfR [pg/ml]	Eubacterium rectale	− 0.84	0.18
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	PWY-7237: myo-, chiro- and scyllo-inositol degradation	− 0.76	0.19
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	P41-PWY: pyruvate fermentation to acetate and (S)-lactate I	− 0.76	0.19
	TIMP1 [pg/ml]	PWY-6823: molybdopterin biosynthesis	− 0.76	0.19

TIMP1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases), IL-5 (interleukin 5), IL-6 (interleukin 6), IL-10 (interleukin 10), IL-15 (interleukin15), LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), SPARC (secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich), TfR (transferrin receptor). Significant correlations (p-value < 0.05) were observed across all groups. In the control group, ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis was positively correlated with leptin, while Bacteroides cellulosilyticus showed negative correlations with IL-6. The strength group revealed strong associations betweenof pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides degradation and IL-15. In the endurance group, notable correlations included Eubacterium rectale with IL-15, and Blautia wexlerae with TfR, as well as various pathways involved in NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) salvage and histidine degradation. These findings highlight the dynamic microbiome-blood marker interactions induced by the Bruce test across different exercise modalities.
Significant values are in bold.

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Table 2 Spearman correlations of the Microbiome and parameter changes between timepoints 6 h and 24 h after Bruce intervention. Only correlations with significant p-values (< 0.05) are included.

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