Table 4 Number and proportion of Echinochloa populations with multiple resistance to several herbicides (2018–2022).

From: A five-year examination into the occurrence of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass populations in paddy from Jiangsu Province, China

Statistics of multiple resistance

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

R-quinclorac & penoxsulam

Populations

1

5

11

21

17

Ratio (%)

1.0

4.4

11.0

20.4

18.3

R-quinclorac & pretilachlor

Populations

2

6

1

-

-

Ratio (%)

2.0

5.2

1.0

-

-

R-pretilachlor & penoxsulam

Populations

0

1

0

-

-

Ratio (%)

0.0

0.9

0.0

-

-

R-quinclorac &penoxsulam & metamifop or pretilachlor

Populations

0

1

2

-

-

Ratio (%)

0.0

0.9

2.0

-

-

R-quinclorac & cyhalofop-butyl

Populations

-

-

-

28

18

Ratio (%)

-

-

-

27.2

19.4

R-penoxsulam & cyhalofop-butyl

Populations

-

-

-

23

13

Ratio (%)

-

-

-

22.3

14.0

R-quinclorac & penoxsulam & cyhalofop-butyl

Populations

-

-

-

17

12

Ratio (%)

-

-

-

16.5

12.9

  1. Notes: The ratio was calculated as the number of populations with multiple resistance divided by the total number of populations tested each year, expressed as a percentage and rounded to one decimal place.
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