Table 5 Measurement uncertainties in experimental setup.

From: Experimental evaluation of alumina nanoparticle additives in sunflower oil methyl ester for enhanced CI engine performance and emission control

Parameter

Instrument / Model

Measurement Range

Uncertainty (±)

Cylinder Pressure

N200 Pressure Sensor

0–120 bar

± 1.2 bar

HC

AVL 444 Dual-Gas Measurement analyser

0–18,000 ppm

± 10 ppm

Exhaust Temperature

ETS DS Thermocouple

0–1250 °C

± 1.5 °C

NOx

AVL 444 Dual-Gas analyser

0–4800 ppm

± 9 ppm

Smoke Opacity

AVL 437 C Smoke Meter

0–100 HSU

± 1 HSU

CO

AVL 444 Dual-Gas analyser

0–9.5%

± 0.025%

Brake Load

Tronics Load Sensor

0–100 N·m

± 0.15 N·m

CO₂

AVL 444 Dual-Gas analyser

0–19.5%

± 0.025%

Engine Speed

UP30RD-15NA Tachometer

0–1600 rpm

± 1 rpm

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