Table 1 General characteristics of study participants across tertiles of DPI1.

From: Association between dietary phytochemical index, inflammation and oxidative stress with sleep duration and sleep quality in Iranian adults

 

DPI tertiles

P-value2

T1 (n = 178)

(< 25.24)

T2 (n = 179)

(25.24–36.29)

T3 (n = 178)

(> 36.29% of energy intake)

Age (y)

39.77 ± 11.43

41.28 ± 9.68

46.69 ± 11.08

< 0.001

Sex (%)

   

< 0.001

Male

64.00

55.90

42.10

 

Female

36.00

44.10

57.90

 

Marital status (%)

   

0.26

Single

21.00

12.30

16.00

 

Married

77.80

86.60

82.30

 

Divorced or widow

1.10

1.10

1.70

 

Education status (%)

   

< 0.001

Diploma or lower

16.30

5.10

12.00

 

Higher than diploma

83.70

94.90

88.00

 

OSA (%)

   

0.28

No

62.20

65.70

71.20

 

Borderline

33.50

27.30

24.10

 

Yes

4.30

7.00

4.70

 

Home ownership (%)

   

0.02

Yes

70.50

71.50

82.60

 

No

29.50

28.50

17.40

 

Family size (%)

   

0.47

≥ 4 members

84.70

83.60

88.10

 

< 4 members

15.30

16.40

11.90

 

Weight (kg)

76.16 ± 14.80

77.41 ± 14.47

73.62 ± 14.14

0.04

BMI (kg/m2)

26.45 ± 4.36

27.27 ± 4.16

27.00 ± 4.69

0.20

Waist circumference (cm)

92.23 ± 12.01

93.70 ± 11.00

92.00 ± 11.39

0.32

Physical activity (HEPA)

   

0.17

Inactive

59.10

58.10

52.50

 

Minimally active

30.10

35.80

40.70

 

Active

10.80

6.10

6.80

 

History of diabetes

   

0.06

Yes

2.20

5.60

7.90

 

No

97.80

94.40

92.10

 

Drinking tea/coffee after 8 pm

   

< 0.001

Yes

65.70

60.30

47.20

 

No

34.30

39.70

52.80

 

Antidepressant drug intake

   

0.85

Yes

4.60

5.80

5.70

 

No

95.40

94.20

94.30

 

SOD (U)

1.14 ± 0.04

1.10 ± 0.04

1.13 ± 0.04

0.75

GPX (mU/mL)

1.81 ± 0.22

1.89 ± 0.34

2.22 ± 0.29

0.57

MDA (nmol/mL)

168.95 ± 6.65

179.37 ± 92.13

160.27 ± 7.09

0.15

hs-CRP (mg/L)

3.56 ± 0.26

2.88 ± 0.20

3.11 ± 0.20

0.09

  1. 1 Values are Mean ± SD for socioeconomic factors, and Mean ± SE for SOD, GPX, MDA, and CRP.2 Obtained from ANOVA and χ2 test for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. DPI, Dietary phytochemical index; y, year; kg, kilogram; mg, milligram; m, meter; cm, centimeter; BMI: Body mass index; n, number; mg, milligram; mL, milliliter; U, unit; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; GPX, Glutathione peroxidase; MDA, Malondialdehyde; hs-CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HEPA, Health-Enhancing Physical Activity.
Back to article page