Table 2 Haiti animal rabies surveillance effort, investigation results, and calculated reproductive rate of infection.

From: Higher free-roaming dog density sustains rabies virus transmission in Haiti

Urbanization level

Area (km2)

Human population (2019)

Free-roaming dog (FRD) population*

Suspect rabies cases investigated annually**

Case investigation rate

(per 10,000 people)

Case investigation rate - adjustment factor***

Likely annual rabid animals detected****

Likely annual rabid FRD, adjusted

Re

*****

Median rabies rate (per 1,000 FRD)

1.1

841

4,615,573

181,908

775

1.7

10.8%

140.2

1,300

1.67

14.3

1.2

70

164,336

8,217

8

0.5

3.1%

0.12

4

1.59

0.97

1.3

45

76,538

8,610

2

0.2

1.7%

0.005

0.3

1.57

0.07

1.4

6

7,842

1,008

0

0

0.0%

na

na

na

na

2.1

1,433

1,668,525

121,802

652

3.9

25.1%

55.7

222

1.64

1.82

2.2

689

645,788

46,966

136

2.1

13.5%

8.9

66

1.63

1.40

Urban

3,084

7,178,602

368,511

1,573

2.2

na

204.9

1,592

1.62

1.4

2.3

1,161

945,131

77,329

135

1.4

9.2%

18.7

204

1.27

2.64

2.4

345

268,066

21,933

3

0.1

0.7%

0.01

2

1.22

0.08

3.1

1,299

362,696

45,337

70

1.9

12.4%

6.4

52

1.26

1.14

3.2

988

250,264

25,861

43

1.7

11.0%

2.7

24

1.25

0.95

3.3

2,676

628,585

94,288

203

3.2

20.7%

12.2

59

1.26

0.62

3.4

1,726

343,705

61,867

78

2.3

14.6%

3.3

23

1.25

0.37

Peri-urban

8,195

2,798,447

326,615

532

1.9

na

43.3

363

1.25

0.79

4.1

897

128,839

14,725

4

0.3

2.0%

0.01

0.7

1.02

0.04

4.2

634

89,239

7,764

5

0.6

3.6%

0.06

2

1.02

0.20

4.3

1,725

228,190

25,671

9

0.4

2.5%

0.08

3

1.03

0.12

4.4

1,386

167,738

18,870

23

1.4

8.8%

0.94

11

1.04

0.56

5.1

566

10,031

4,012

1

0.9

6.4%

0.009

0.1

< 0.99

0.04

5.2

526

9,782

4,255

0

0

0.0%

na

na

na

na

5.3

1,980

34,351

15,458

1

0.2

1.9%

0.002

0.1

< 0.99

0.01

5.4

8,136

44,983

20,242

1

0.1

1.4%

0.002

0.1

< 0.99

0.01

Rural

15,850

713,153

110,997

44

0.6

na

1.1

16.4

0.80

0.04

Total

27,129

10,690,202

806,123

2,149

2.0

na

249

1,972

na

0.42

  1. *Dog population estimates were obtained from 61 dog enumerations studies conducted across Haiti. Further details can be found in figure S3. **Annualized to reflect average investigation rate across the 66-month study period. ***Adjusted to fit median case detection rate for entire population of 1%. ****20% of Moderate-risk and 1% of Low-risk rabies cases were included to account for the likelihood of true rabies cases being classified into these categories. *****Free roaming dog vaccination coverages were based on historical vaccination practices: Urban (50%), Peri-Urban (30%), Rural level 4 (10%), and Rural level 5 (0%). Average dog lifespan set to 3 years and dog birth rate (per 1,000) set to 750. *Road connectivity was defined as: “Well Connected” = x.1, “Moderately Connected” = x.2, “Poorly Connected” = x.3 and x.4. Urbanicity was defined as previously described in the methods. Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) are in bold.
Back to article page