Table 4 Bivariate analysis of the PEO scale total score with the sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and patient-centered care scales.

From: Patient empowerment outcomes in chronic disease care in Lebanon with validation of a measurement scale and associated determinants

Variable

Mean ± SD

Gender

   Male

32.41 ± 9.58

   Female

31.67 ± 10.24

   P-value

0.365

Area of residence

   Beirut

32.12 ± 11.03

   Beqaa

31.60 ± 9.27

   Mount Lebanon

33.33 ± 8.79

   North

30.86 ± 10.10

   South

32.26 ± 9.34

   P-value

0.495

Marital status

   Single/Divorced/Widowed

31.55 ± 10.59

   Married

32.26 ± 9.50

   P-value

0.368

Education level

   No formal education

27.86 ± 9.42

   School level

31.06 ± 10.81

   University level

32.82 ± 9.49

   P-value

0.003a

Occupation

   I do not work/Retired

31.36 ± 10.14

   Employed/Self-employed

32.58 ± 9.81

   P-value

0.124

Household monthly income

   Less than 500$

29.50 ± 10.18

   501$—1000$

33.14 ± 9.89

   1001$—2000$

32.53 ± 9.60

   More than 2000$

33.88 ± 9.42

   P-value

 < 0.0001b

Current health status perception

   No sickness

31.23 ± 10.35

   Chronic medical conditions

32.17 ± 9.88

   P-value

0.319

Easy access to healthcare

   No

37.39 ± 9.61

   Yes

33.32 ± 9.70

   P-value

 < 0.0001

Health coverage¥

   Private insurance

31.89 ± 10.56

   P-value

0.93

   National Social Security Fund

32.49 ± 9.49

   P-value

0.416

   Ministry of Public Health

31.16 ± 10.07

   P-value

0.542

   Self-payer

32.69 ± 9.54

   P-value

0.125

   Public insurance (Army, COOP, Internal Security Forces)

33.07 ± 9.81

   P-value

0.235

   Other insurance

30.15 ± 12.54

   P-value

0.35

Primary source of information

   Community Pharmacist

31.33 ± 9.29

   General Practitioner

31.19 ± 9.37

   Chronic Condition Specialist

33.77 ± 9.91

   TV/Radio/Magazine/Newsletter/Internet/Social Media

27.53 ± 12.13

   P-value

 < 0.0001c

General Preventive Behaviors: Following a low-fat diet

   Sometimes or never

31.09 ± 9.91

   Always or almost always

33.51 ± 9.97

   P-value

0.003

General Preventive Behaviors: Following a regular exercise schedule

   No

31.53 ± 9.28

   Yes

32.92 ± 11.44

   P-value

0.137

General Preventive Behaviors: Consumption of five servings of fruits or vegetables per day

   Three days per week or less

30.54 ± 9.77

   At least four days per week

34.65 ± 9.88

   P-value

 < 0.0001

Disease-Specific Behaviors: Diabetes: Recording glucose level

   Sometimes or never

31.54 ± 10.35

   Always or almost always

33.10 ± 8.83

   P-value

0.062

Disease-Specific Behaviors: Arthritis: Performing arthritis exercise

   Sometimes or never

32.01 ± 9.67

   Always or almost always

31.50 ± 12.38

   P-value

0.743

Disease-Specific Behaviors: High cholesterol: Following a low-fat diet

   Sometimes or never

31.19 ± 9.98

   Always or almost always

33.47 ± 9.86

   P-value

0.006

Consumeristic Behaviors: Before I go to a new healthcare provider, I find out as much as I can about their qualifications

   Disagree or strongly disagree

23.66 ± 10.11

   Agree or strongly agree

33.97 ± 9.29

   P-value

 < 0.0001

Consumeristic Behaviors: When I do not understand, I am persistent in asking my healthcare provider to explain something until I know it

   Disagree or strongly disagree

25.41 ± 9.87

   Agree or strongly agree

33.86 ± 9.44

   P-value

 < 0.0001

Consumeristic Behaviors: As far as I know, medical science has developed guidelines for treating my condition

   Disagree or strongly disagree

22.75 ± 10.30

   Agree or strongly agree

34.11 ± 8.97

   P-value

 < 0.0001

Health Fatalism: In the next 5 years, how likely to develop a new or additional health condition that requires ongoing medical care

   Unlikely or very unlikely

34.79 ± 9.68

   Very likely or likely

30.81 ± 9.90

   P-value

 < 0.0001

Variable

Correlation coefficient

Age (in years)

0.057

   P-value

0.152

Household crowding index

 − 0.024

   P-value

0.546

Number of comorbidities

 − 0.116

   P-value

0.003

Number of prescribed medications

 − 0.064

   P-value

0.108

fPACIC Score

0.381**

   P-value

 < 0.001

GPIC Score

0.480**

   P-value

 < 0.001

HESM Score

0.450**

   P-value

 < 0.001

  1. Bolded p-values correspond to variables with p < 0.20 in the bivariate analysis that were subsequently included in the multivariable linear regression models
  2. SD, standard deviation; COOP, Association of Consumption Production in Lebanon; fPACIC, focused Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care; GPIC, General Practice Interpersonal Care; HESM, Health Empowerment and Self-Management
  3. ¥ some respondents selected more than one answer
  4. a Post hoc analysis showed significant difference between no formal education and university-level education (P = 0.006)
  5. b Post hoc analysis showed significant difference between less than 500$ and 501–1000$ (P = 0.001), less than 500$ and 1001–2000$ (P = 0.032), and between less than 500$ and > 2000$ (P = 0.004)
  6. c Post hoc analysis showed a significant difference between chronic condition specialists and general practitioners (P = 0.039) and between chronic condition specialists and TV/ Radio/ Magazine/ Newsletter/ Internet/ Social Media (P < 0.0001)
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